Behaviorally, both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can facilitate memory formation and modify goal-directed behavior (Loewenstein 1994 Ryan and Deci 2000).ĭopaminergic midbrain regions (e.g., substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area: SN/VTA) and their striatal projections, especially to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) are thought to support reward anticipation (Zellner and Ranaldi 2010) and declarative memory formation depends on the medial temporal lobe (MTL) with the hippocampus at its core (Squire et al. The latter, intrinsic motivation, refers to doing things following an internal desire such as curiosity. Should children be rewarded to achieve a high grade or be motivated from within themselves to seek out unknown information? The former relies on extrinsic motivation, which refers to doing things for the sake of obtaining an externally tangible reward such as good grades, praise, or money. The challenge of how to stimulate students’ motivation to learn has always been one of the central topics of education. Thus, curiosity might enhance memory performance by allocation of attentional resources and reward-related processes while, monetary reward does so by suppression of task-irrelevant processing. In contrast, the monetary reward-modulated subsequent memory effect revealed deactivation in parietal midline regions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that curiosity-driven activity in the ventral striatal reward network appears to work cooperatively with the fronto-parietal attention network, while enhancing memory formation. In the present study, both extrinsic monetary reward and intrinsic curiosity enhanced memory performance, without evidence for an interaction. However, effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on memory formation have not been studied in combination and thus, it is unknown whether they interact and how such interplay is neurally implemented. Light Blue creates a peaceful and calming effect, and its silvery hints highlight the metallic touches in the Pimpernel.Motivation can be generated intrinsically or extrinsically, and both kinds of motivation show similar facilitatory effects on memory. For the Hallway above the dado rail and wallpaper, I opted for Farrow & Ball’s Light Blue 22, a delicious hue whereby its bluey-green characteristics changes throughout the day and looks divine when the two pools of light fall from the light pendants. Naomi also describes her colour selection, “ Selecting paint colours was such fun: I wanted to extract from the Morris & Co Pimpernel wallpaper. Naomi also used hand crafted ceiling roses, which are sympathetic to the buildings’ history and synonymous with her lighting choices, another key component of her design. It was important for me that the hallway was the pulse of the apartment – it is both long and wide, with high ceilings and all rooms run off it.” Morris even used Pimpernel to decorate his own dining room at Kelmscott House in London. Created in around 1876, the wallpaper exemplifies how Morris’ interest for Japanese design led to the simplification of lines and colours. Naomi explains why she chose this design in particular, “ the luxurious textural paper possesses the same ebb and flow of the River outside embodied in the intricate floral trellis and organic forms, whilst also possessing a strong symmetrical formation of the leaves, which Morris & Co incorporated into the design of his Pimpernel paper. Morris & Co Wallpaper was selected for the hallway which is exclusive to Brewers and Wallpaper Direct.
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